Comparison Of Hero And Government In Beowulf And Oedipus Rex Essays

Correlation of Hero and Government in Beowulf and Oedipus Rex Beowulf is an Anglo-Saxon people epic composed by an obscure creator. It was composed at some point during the eighth century. Oedipus Rex is an Ancient Greek disaster composed by the writer Sophocles at some point around 430 BC. Despite the fact that the two works were composed during two distinctive timeframes, in two better places, and are various types of writing, they can even now be investigated. These two works contain numerous likenesses and contrasts in the portrayal of saint and the delineation of government. Beowulf recounts to the narrative of one of the most chivalrous men of Anglo-Saxon occasions. The saint, Beowulf, can utilize his super-human physical quality and fearlessness to put his kin before himself. He experiences alarming beasts and the most merciless brutes, however he never fears the danger of death. Beowulf is a definitive epic legend who hazards his life on many occasions for significant privilege and to benefit others. Oedipus Rex is a heartbreaking play, which talks about the disastrous disclosure of Oedipus- - that he has slaughtered his dad, and wedded his mom. He is fearless, savvy, and solid willed. Incidentally these are the very attributes which achieve his unfortunate disclosure. Oedipus picks up the standard of Thebes by noting the puzzle of Sphinx. The two saints, Beowulf and Oedipus, are fundamentally the same as in certain perspectives and furthermore very extraordinary in others. The primary likeness in the portrayal of legend is that both saints are of highborn birth. Beowulf is the cousin of Higlac, who is King of the Geats. Oedipus is the embraced child of Polybus and Merope, the King and Queen of Corinth. Besides, his genuine guardians are Laius and Jocasta, King and Queen of Thebes. Another likeness is that both saints end a time of enduring by abrogating a beast. Beowulf parts of the bargains Herot by executing the beast Grendel. A sovereign of the Geats, had slaughtered Grendel,/Ended the melancholy, the distress, the enduring/Forced on Hrothgar's defenseless individuals/By a homicidal monster. (lines 482 - 485) Oedipus is answerable for closure the Sphinx's rule of dread upon the city of Thebes. He doesn't genuinely murder the beast as Beowulf does; he simply answers the Sphinx's question. At the point when he does a s such, the Sphinx murders herself. A third comparability is that both legends are tested by another character in the story. Beowulf is tested by Unferth, and Oedipus is tested by Tiresias. When tested, both legends egotistically brag about their achievements. No man swims in the ocean/As I can, no quality is a counterpart for mine. (lines 253 - 254) Beowulf continues bragging to Unferth, Nine was the number/Of ocean gigantic beasts I slaughtered. What man,/Anywhere under paradise's high curve, has battled/In such haziness, persevered through more wretchedness or been harder/Pressed? (lines 294 - 298) When tested by Tiresias Oedipus says, Reveal to me when you at any point played the prophet straight? Or then again why when the she-hound Sphinx of enigmas sang, you never talked a thing to break that spell? ?In any case, I, the Oedipus who lurched here without an indication, could snuff her out by human mind. (page 38) A distinction among Beowulf and Oedipus is that every ha various characteristics that qualify him as a legend. Beowulf is named a saint in light of his physical quality and fortitude. Beowulf, Higlac's/Follower and the most grounded of the Geats-more noteworthy/And more grounded than anybody anyplace in this world. (lines 131 - 133) Beowulf comes to help the Danes in a period of scarcity. This shows him as a noble model for every single person, grouping him as an epic legend. Oedipus isn't named a legend as a result of his physical quality but instead in view of his psychological qualities. He utilizes astuteness to comprehend the puzzle of the Sphinx. A large number of the most insightful men of Thebes have been murdered attempting to answer the puzzle, yet Oedipus demonstrates his knowledge better than theirs. Also, Oedipus contrasts from Beowulf as a saint in that his qualities that give him wealth and influence at last lead him to his appalling closure. Consequently, Oedipus is named an awful legend.

Performance Management Plan Essay

All together for Landslide Limousine Service to have accomplishment in their business, vital execution is fundamental inside the structure of the board. The business ought to be fruitful if the exhibition the executives plan adjusts totally with the business procedure. Mr. Stonefield has distinguished the course wherein he intends to take his business and has recognized his desires. To enable the organization to characterize the abilities required by its laborers it must have a solid authoritative way of thinking just as a solid activity examination. It is significant for Landslide Limousine Service to build up a strategy for distinguishing and estimating representatives abilities, aptitude holes, and setting up approaches to give criticism to its workers. Atwood and Allen Consulting will direct and giving this indispensable data to the achievement and execution improvement of Landslide Limousine Service. The exhibition the board plan will guarantee business accomplishment with no lo st income, and pay soundness, and inside objective. Structure for business system In earlier correspondences with Atwood and Allen, Mr. Stonefield distinguished he wished to open his limousine administration in Austin, Texas. The primary objective for Mr. Stonefield is to give top of the line transportation choices to different clients by furnishing an interesting limousine administration with regard for everything about its administration. There is a foreseen net income for the principal year of $50,000, and is relied upon to have a 5% expansion in net income inside the following hardly any years. There is likewise an estimation of a 10% turnover rate. As indicated by Atwood and Allen, the present moment and long haul objectives are reasonable for the initial hardly any years. By making the presentation the executives system, Landslide Limousine Service will build up a base in which the organization will adjust its objectives in making worker steadfastness, and setting the money related development of the organization. The structure of the business system must comprise of powerful worker aptitudes, techniques to gauge abilities execution, focus on abilities holes, and compelling representative input. This will make appropriate correspondence among workers and the executives. Making a domain where workers are open to moving toward the board with concerns can diminish botches which could bring about client being disappointed with the limousine administration. In conclusion, correspondence can likewise help with recognizing and adjusting any issues with gear whichâ could diminish cost and will boost the clients experience. Authoritative Performance Philosophy So as to build up a solid vital presentation the board system, Landslide Limousine Service needs to recognize the hierarchical exhibition reasoning. So as to contend inside the current serious market in Austin, Texas, the business reasoning must be worked with a solid accentuation on incredible client support. To assemble a positive notoriety in the market, representatives must look proficient, and consent to all the guidelines and guideline to guarantee the client encounters a sheltered ride. The authoritative presentation reasoning is the company’s values about how the board will guide representatives to achieve objective to succeed the hierarchical exhibition. â€Å"Transporting customers proficiently and safe is our satisfaction† is a potential way of thinking phrase that Landslide Limousine can use as an advertising procedure. The possibility of the way of thinking is to manufacture trust inside representatives and clients inside the organization to hold faithfulness and certainty inside the administration. When the clients trust has been acquired, Landslide Limousine Service must keep on endeavoring to keep up the trust. Making month to month studies can help with recognizing territories were the association can improve. Furthermore, the salespeople ought to have gatherings with the customers no less than each quarter (if not sooner) to construct a relationship with customers. This relationship can help with better adjusting the administrations furnished with clients desires. Distinguishing employee’s aptitudes It is significant for any business to utilize work force with the necessary employment abilities. These aptitudes are significant in light of the fact that it lessens the measure of preparing required to prepare the worker for administration. The workers information and abilities can ensure consumer loyalty and positive notoriety for the organization. As indicated by the reading material, Managing Human Resources, ninth release, by W.F. Cascio, clarifies four degrees of examination to decide preparing needs and what can be accomplished. The four degrees of preparing are authoritative examination, segment investigation, tasks examination, and individual investigation (Cascio, 2013, p. 317-318). The authoritative examination distinguishes if the preparation bolsters company’s heading, staff preparing movement, andâ resources accessible. Segment investigation decides employee’s unique need at various chain of importance levels. Tasks investigation recognize what a representatives ought to do to perform skillfully, and singular examination center around the kind of preparing ought to be given to a particular individual (Cascio, 2013). As indicated by Cascio, with an occupation examination the business can distinguish assignments and expected attributes to play out work (Cascio, 2013). The four degrees of preparing is a useful device to recognize zones of progress. Preparing at all levels is significant in light of the fact that however preparing we improve our general execution. Strategies to gauge the employee’s aptitudes For any business is essential to gauge representative expertise execution to decide whether the workers targets have been cultivated. As indicated by, Employee Performance Measurement Tools, it clarify how an organization can quantify execution with execution examinations, efficiency tests, and 360-Degree Feedback. The exhibition examination is a yearly strategy on where the worker is assessed by the board. The assessment distinguishes how well the worker is getting along for a while and if activity in required for development. In the presentation examination, recognizing future objectives and requirements are critical to guarantee the representative comprehends what is anticipated from that person. Efficiency test can help measure representative execution in quantifiable terms. During the exhibition assessment, the board will decide whether the representative will get a raise and advise the worker what the raise increment will be and how they decided the raise sum. The measure of the raise has an immediate relationship on the last scores of the presentation assessment. While utilized at United Parcel Service (UPS), my manager utilized the presentation assessment and it was an incredible apparatus. Not exclusively did this assessment distinguish zones of upgrades yet it additionally permitted me to have a balanced gathering with my immediate chief. Our gatherings over lunch, permitted me to become acquainted with my director on an increasingly close to home level. The general involvement with my sentiment was extraordinary in light of the fact that it empowered me. My boss imparted that I was so critical to the association and how my commitments influenced the general execution of the association. Procedure for distinguishing aptitude holes An investigation to address aptitude holes is significant at any representative level. Theâ analysis recognizes the obligation, information, and abilities required for a particular activity. On the off chance that a representative is at present playing out work yet changes are made to the set of working responsibilities, tending to the holes will be to distinguish any trademark missed to prepare the worker or improve the procedure. It is entirely expected to discover abilities holes when a worker change employments or absences of instruction and preparing to play out their activity. As per How to Develop a Skill Gap Analysis, gives four stages to build up an expertise hole examination: recognize business objectives, gather information, comprehend information to make suggestions, and build up a preparation intend to address abilities holes in the present condition. It is urgent to distinguish business objectives to stay serious and make a venture plan with the vital destinations. The gathered information can help recognize aptitudes and information on each worker playing out a job in the organization. After information is gathered, proposals can be made to improve territories, for example, correspondence, administration, cooperation, deals, administration, and undertaking the board. The preparation intend to address abilities holes in the association can help decide fitting and powerful preparing to hold representatives to maintenance and business execution. Distinguishing aptitude holes inside representatives can likewise be valuable in figuring out which director is required here. For instance, if a worker is powerless in a specific region moving a solid and proficient chief may help the representative with better understanding his activity work. Successful execution input It is essential to convey successful execution criticism with uplifting disposition. Representatives acknowledge counsel and positive training to help improve botches. As indicated by How to Deliver Effective Performance Appraisals, the creator clarify various strides for viable execution evaluations: set up an examination strategy, powerful eye to eye connection, start with negative input end with positive recommendations, set new objectives, have an open discourse with the worker, clarify if the representative is a possibility for advancement or raise. The initial step is significant in light of the fact that the strategy is chosen to give compelling input. Two models are simply the 360-degree criticism examination and assessment for representatives to share musings and thoughts. At the meeting, it is pivotal to keep in touch to create trust from the two sides and show regard. Non-verbal communication is significant in light of the fact that it canâ show disposition or negative criticism. It is essential to begin with negative criticism to end with positive perceptions and set sensible objectives for whenever period. Also, it’s significant for the board to concentrate on the worker and his related activity and not consolidate individual sentiments or feelings into the criticism. During the

MITs FPOP for Entrepreneurship

MIT’s FPOP for Entrepreneurship FPOPs are freshman pre-orientation programs, where you get to come to MIT a week early and learn about a specific aspect of MIT while getting to know the other freshmen in your program. Most (all?) departments have one, from Discover Nuclear Science Engineering to Discover Mechanical Engineering to even programs like Freshman Leadership Program or Freshman Arts Program. If only there was an FPOP for entrepreneurship So there I was, messaging a few friends about things and in one conversation we start talking about venture capital firms, which are companies that invest money in startups in the hopes of greater returns. I mention how I really want to do part-time work for a VC firm this fall and he offers to email intro me to one that he knows. In that email though, he also asked the VC if he was available for a luncheon for incoming MIT freshmen on Thursday. Intrigued, I asked my friend what the luncheon was for and he told me the Discover Entrepreneurship and Leadership Program. So there is an FPOP for entrepreneurship! I looked up their website to find out their schedule, Techstars, MassChallenge, Cambridge Innovation Center, Restar Ventures, Clean Energy Council, Boston Science Museum, Martin Trust Center, MIT $100K, Startlabs, Sloan, [emailprotected], E-Club, Sloan Business Club, MIT Venture Mentoring Services, MIT Technology Licensing Office I thought to myself, I just spent this past semester getting to know pretty much every single one of the groups on that list! I have to be involved. I emailed the students in charge of the DEAL program, and they graciously let me tag along and help out. I helped them set up some tours and get judges, and generally just mentored the freshmen with any questions they had. It was a great experience. Towards the start of the program, we had venture capitalist Philippe Schwartz give a talk on growing companies while living in Israel, Europe, Asia, and the US. He is now a partner for Square Peg Capital in Boston, and he gave the freshmen a run-down of interesting industries and opportunities in the upcoming years. We also had Krishna Gupta from Romulus Capital come in and speak. Krishna went to MIT as undergrad (dual major in materials science and management) and he actually started Romulus while in school. He spoke on currently popular technologies like artificial intelligence and virtual reality, and he quoted Amaras law: We tend to overestimate the effect of a technology in the short run and underestimate the effect in the long run. My favorite story from him was when he told us about his friend who started Levant Power. They would sit in the student center, chatting about Levant, and his friend was really worried that they would go bankrupt. But they eventually developed one of the most advanced forms of active suspension technology and went on to receive offers from major car companies. To think that these two amazing companies where started over conversations at a food court where I eat my lunch every day is incredible. We listened to the MIT startup mDoc, a digital health company that focuses on Sub-Saharan Africa. Digital health is the convergence of programming, research and technology to craft more effective healthcare. mDoc uses mobile and web platforms to bring better care to terminally ill and fight off chronic diseases. Co-founder and CEO Laura go a degree in mechanical engineering at MIT and later a Masters in Public Health from Emory University and her MD and MBA from Yale, while her co-founder Imo Etuk went to Temple University for electrical engineering and got an MBA from NYU Stern. Thats a lot of degrees between the two of them, and these guys know what theyre doing. At the Martin Trust Center, entrepreneur-in-residence Nick Meyer gave a talk on the balancing MIT life with starting a company. Having started and exited six companies himself, Nick is no stranger to startups. His first company was started in high school and was an online game called Kings of Chaos that attracted over 10 million page views a day and hundreds of thousands of daily players. He even told us about how he used to sit in the back of the lecture hall at one of his MIT classes and could see at least three people playing his game. He told the incoming class about the entrepreneurship resources available to students today and how they are exponentially so much more than were available even just ten years earlier when he was at MIT. On Thursday we went to the Cambridge Innovation Center and Venture Cafe, two more co-working spaces. We took a tour around CIC and then listened Rony Sellam, CEO of  InsideTracker. InsideTracker pulls the results from your recent blood tests and analyzes your specific key biochemical and physiological markers. After a while it gains an understanding of how your body actually responds to different foods. For example, some people absorb certain nutrients better than others and some function optimally with lower levels. InsideTracker creates a personalized plan to help you optimize your health based on your own body instead of the one diet fits all model. The view was also really nice. On the last day (today) were the final presentations, as the freshmen were hard at work over the course of the week building out business plans for new technologies. Our two judges were Rafael Lazo and Brian Truong. Rafael got his masters at MIT in engineering management and is now the founder of Worcester Fluids Technology in central Massachusetts. His company studies different fluids technology (like oil lubrication, water cooling, hydraulics) and conducts research to design more efficient processes for those systems. Brian is a Harvard 2015 grad and founded HelloToken, a service that replaces website ads with surveys, letting you pay with data as an alternative to the popular ad service and subscription models of monetization. Just this year he also won a Thiel Fellowship. The final projects were a page-to-braille scanner, a solar-powered phone charger built into backpack, an app reduces the headache it takes to find parking, a fitness app that creates personalized workouts, and a service that could intelligently improve emails not only in grammar and spelling but in content. So many mouthfuls of accomplishments amongst all of the amazing DEAL students and guests. I learned so much from everyone myself, I cant imagine what it must have been like for the freshmen. Thanks to the staff for putting this together and the students for being great. Excited for next years.

The Secret Is Using The Best - 9014 Words

Later that evening, after everyone made their way home, Leona and Johnny sat at the kitchen table. â€Å"Those burgers were surprisingly good. Alex and Sebastian were right.† â€Å"The secret is using the best meat and seasoning it. When you grill, you really need to season the meat.† He reached over and traced her jawline with the back of his fingers â€Å"You really have a sweet voice. It’s a shame you aren’t sharing it with the world.† Leona felt the heat cover her face from his touch. â€Å"You always say that.† â€Å"You know, I could get you a couple of auditions. I know some people now.† She sat back and studied his face for a moment. â€Å"You know people? I thought you were becoming a lawyer?† â€Å"I am a lawyer. I passed my bar. Who do you think draws the†¦show more content†¦Y’all have something magical when you play together, you always have.† â€Å"You make me believe it when you say it like that.† She reached over and took his hand. â€Å"I don’t know what I would ever do if you weren’t in my life. I can’t bear thinking about not having you near me.† â€Å"I don’t want to ever think about you not in my life either.† He pulled his hand out from under hers, stood, and went to the fridge. â€Å"You want a drink?† â€Å"Sure, just some Cran-apple, if you don’t mind.† She studied him as he made their drinks, wondering why he’d pulled away from her. She thought she was reading his signals right. Wasn’t that desire she had seen flash through his eyes earlier tonight? She took a deep breath. â€Å"What’s wrong, Johnny?† He sat down, sadness clouding his features. â€Å"Let’s not worry about that right now, okay? Let’s just enjoy our time together.† â€Å"What’s making you so sad? Can’t you tell me? Was it something I said?† A muscle in his jaw twitched as he forced a smile. â€Å"No, you didn’t do anything.† She would let it go for now. The hurt in his eyes killed her because she had put it there. She had to stop this crap and stop it soon or this would be the end of something before they had a chance to start. Did she have the guts to follow her dreams and her heart? She wasn’t sure, but she knew she had to try. He was right when he said she was more excited when she was performing. She felt more alive on stage, adrenaline pouring through her veins, the rush of hitting the

A Reflection On Clinical Placement - 990 Words

Look Back Another day of my clinical placement 420 in orthopaedic unit began on July 4, 2015. I received my patient and started to research a patient history and medications. At 0700 a shift report started, I received information that my patient had fall at night shift without witnesses. By the policy of Providence Healthcare a patient who had fall without witnesses should be automatically monitored for head injury therefore, a Glasgow Coma Scale was initiated by previous nurse: every 15 minutes, then every hour, every two hours, and every 4 hours. This scale is to check and monitor level of consciousness which possibly may decline after head injury. At this day we had a student as a nurse in charge, she volunteered to come with me to patient room and to supervise my work. For this particular patient close monitoring of vital signs and neurologic assessment required. I explained to the patient the purpose of frequent health assessment and started to work. Close patient monitoring in addition to all daily routine activities was challenging to me because I never had a patient with this diagnosis. Despite my explanation of the purpose of frequent assessments patient stated that I am fine, do not feel any discomfort, there is no need for that. While assessing patient she keep asking a lot of questions such as why so many time why do I need to drink more than one mouthful of water with my tablets, what these tablets for, why do I need to wait few minutes afterShow MoreRelatedEssay about Johns Model of Structural Reflection on Clinical Placement663 Words   |  3 PagesThroughout my final 3 weeks at my placement, I have grown and overcome so many obstacles. I have accomplished a wide range of skills since the beginning and have been improving on them as I gained experience. During this placement and throughout my experiences and skills, I have realized that I enjoy working with geriatric patients. 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Writing Free Essays

How Essay writing is being processed step by step: In every essay, the following are required: 1) What to write:- the content of the essay 2) How to write: – the organization, diction (key words), general structure of the essay. 3) Understanding the topic/issue of the subject matter. 4) Plan and structure your essay. We will write a custom essay sample on Writing or any similar topic only for you Order Now 5) Creativity on your writing (speak through your writing). Now, every essay is expected to comprise of at least 5 paragraphs. This entails: I. Introduction/ topic sentence. II. The thesis statement of the essay. III. Body of the essay. IV. Extension of the body and examples. V. Conclusion In writing an essay, assume the reader does not know anything about your essay so you have to write in detail not-withstanding the knowledge of your marker or reader. Make sure your essay is structured very logically and rich in the appropriate diction, the use of indirect speech should be avoided HOW TO WRITE AN ESSAY IN 25MINS MINUTE 1:- Analyze- look at the essay question or prompt. 1) What is it asking you to do? ) Is it prompting u to explain the reason of an option of yours? 3) Is it prompting you to take a stand on a particular issue? 4) If you are being asked to argue for or against something, you may have an immediate got reaction to what you are being asked. 5) Pay attention to how you feel. If your immediate reaction is â€Å"of course! † or â€Å"never! † Ask yourself how you feel that way. See whether you can spot any keyword or short phrase in t he prompt that triggers your reaction. E. g. consider the following essay prompt â€Å"If we rest, we rust†. This statement is certainly true; inactivity and lack of exertion over time can cause our skills to deteriorate through disuse. In-fact, people who have seized practicing and activity for a long period and who attempts to take it up again frequently are thwarted in doing so because of the decline of their skills. Do you think that rest has a detrimental effect on us and that we must keep active to avoid losing our edge? Plan and write an essay in which you explain your position on this issue. You may use examples from history, literature, popular culture, current events or personal experience to support your position MINUTE 2:- Brainstorm:- 1) Write down the key words you spotted in the storm. 2) Circle them. 3) Now, write down all the words and phrases that you associate with these key words. 4) What words come to your mind when you think of the word rest (sleep, relaxing, idleness, laziness) even if you never thought that there might be a connection between resting and rusting, you have some mental association with these ideas. By brainstorming or clustering, you get in touch with these associations, call up the wealth of ideas you already have and forget any worries that you may have had having nothing to say. When you brainstorm, the mind leads you in numerable directions. Simply trust yourself, let your brainstorming process tap the knowledge and feelings that lies within you. MINUTE 3:- Take a stand:- 1) After you have been brainstorming for a while 2) Analyze How to cite Writing, Papers Writing Free Essays Although I understand that this is by the end of the day for the stud NT benefit so the professor may give off more assistance, it much rather left a bad taste in my mouth. The start of this class however gave me some way to ease into it, as the professor himself admitted students for the most part do not enjoy the course, but rather go through with it simple y because it is required. The overall interview of each student and note taking of said inform action helped me understand much more all around than what a diagnostic may be able to give When learning about Me You in the class he brought up the different Chinese languages such as Mandarin which led to me think more so that there is so much more t o learn about topics such as culture and there is more to get into. We will write a custom essay sample on Writing or any similar topic only for you Order Now The idea of there being different languages for a country was more than that as it showed to me more so that there is a lot MO re that one may be able to learn in their quest for knowledge rather than learning just what is en deed in the moment. In order to learn more about this I had seen that not only are there many dif rent official Rodriguez 2 languages, but there is a number of indigenous languages and even some Mi rarity languages such as Khaki. Even more interesting was when the professor brought up that Me You simple y said Chinese at first to explain what languages he could speak despite the number of languages there really are. As pointed out by Mr.. Straus, if Me was in a room full of Chinese SST dents most likely he would have been much more specific. This brings out to me a larger societal impact that a majority can have on a minority and shows that as students we must strive f rather to get a truer understanding of the world around us. With that we as a society may be able to break barriers on a multitude of levels including socially and be able to interact with others on a better level. As an English student it is important that I too must not limit my own work because of the audience as it is sometimes that extra information that may give more intrigue to the read There was of a large flow of information that was brought up with less time the an required to take notes on every word stated. So with that I learned had to really adapt with the course and figure out new ways to take notes. In an attempt to gain as much informs Zion as possible I wrote down key terms and important information on each person with the fir SST of course being the name. This was not truly enough to get everything and I understand I defied ninety need to improve in the way I take notes. As it is I’ve limited myself for not including en ugh information on each person and in the case of taking notes for English Composition it can mean the difference between a passing grade and a failing one. Overall this interesting way to start off the class helped me to further realize, t rough a deeper level of looking at it, that I must read in between the lines. There is so much more meaning that can be found in what may even be the most broad of statement s. I must find a better Rodriguez 3 way of taking notes or else the entire essay may suffer. Yet the way that this if rest day of class has gone I feel less pushed into the subject, but rather eased into the idea. Thro ugh this essay can see some of the issues in my own writing and I understand that I have fellow students who may communicate with to better myself. How to cite Writing, Papers Writing Free Essays The main purpose of narration is to entertain. Children love to listen to stories, true or Imaginary ones. 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Writing or any similar topic only for you Order Now Narration is also a vehicle for sharing, though vicariously, what the narrator may have experienced, or what other people may have experienced as witnessed by or told to the narrator or storyteller. 3. Narration satisfies curiosity. It answers the questions: What happened? When and where did it happen? Why did these things happen? How did it happen and to whom? Who were involved in these events? 4. It is also used to record a sequence of events for recall at some future time. What are the characteristics of the Narrative? 1 . A good narrative is tightly written. Only the relevant events are Included; it Is never extraneous. 2. A good narrative should not only entertain; It should also give the reader the chance to experience vicariously, what the writer may have experienced. 3. A good narrative is not boring. Through a masterful handing of time and event, a well-planned † lay-out† of the entire narrative, and with the appropriate use of quenching, a writer can stir reader interest and urge him to go on reading with sustained or even heightened interest to the end. For example, when you write a narrative, you can begin with the most significant event, Jump back in time for some backgrounders (using flashbacks), the you can move forward by hinting at what may happen next (using foreshadowing technique then step right back where you started, thereby leaving the reader in suspenseful anticipation of what the ending would be. You can even make your reader guess (in anxiety? ) what the conclusion will be. Dolan retired as Dentist of Guenon City Hall, she put her retirement pay on a videotape rental business. She had a portion of her front garden turned Into a small store. Inside, she placed two TV sets for customer previewing, some shelves for tapes, and a table at the center where a cash register was installed. Except for a meter-high iron railing, fencing off the store from the sidewalk, and two viewing chairs strategically placed against the railing, no other furniture cluttered the small space. Business was brisk and DRP. Divine left on day to visit her kinks in Gambles, pierced the silence of a sleeping neighborhood, the screeching of a speeding vehicle blending with it. † What happened? † I asked my maid who barged into the house a few minutes later. She blurted out her news, non-stop. â€Å"The shop in front of the house,† she said, â€Å"it’s now empty. Everything gone except the chairs, the table and the shelves. Two men in Barron toga went in to rent some tapes and as Nana (the salesgirl) turned to show the tape, one of them poked a gun at her; the other transferred everything into their car. How to cite Writing, Papers Writing Free Essays A mistake often made is the lack of knowledge for the reason of writing. The writer’s purpose is to always appeal to an audience, whether you are informing, persuading, or writing to amuse. Your goal is to have some type of influence on the reader. We will write a custom essay sample on Writing or any similar topic only for you Order Now The effectiveness of your influence starts by first gaining full awareness of exactly who your audience may be. In this chapter, the author mentions deferent examples of writing. For example, if a person were to write something for children, It should be very simple and not composed of much density. A child’s level of understanding Is not as mature as an adults, therefore writing using complicated terms would only confuse them. Keeping this In mind, children’s writing should be on an understanding level. This Is so the children will be able to comprehend the short and simple words. As opposed to writing to a group of educated specialists, this would be considered Inappropriate. Writing should be formal, with the use of full complex sentences, professional and more complex. After becoming familiar with the audience, the writer should then be sure to not only be grammatically correct, but also correct rhetorically. An example of two different paragraphs were given, one rich and strong in rhetoric, and the other lacking and empty. Both were about English courses they had taken, but what separated the two was thorough detailing. In the first paragraph, the writer told about their favorite course taken during high school. Although the grammar was correct in the first paragraph, compared to the second paragraph it lacked supporting details. While the second paragraph, opened up more, giving the reader an explanation. When writing, direct details are a key factor. The reader should have a clear understanding on why and how a situation is affected. While practicing the art of rhetoric, the author must also be aware of what is appropriate and inappropriate. Depending on the audience, it can then be decided whether formal, informal, or technical writing is appropriate when writing. Formal writing, which is to be used most of the time in college writing, has consistent and standard grammar. This can be seen in research papers, scholarly papers, written exams, and serious letters. The purpose of formal writing is never to express he writers opinion or point of view, but to propose a case or argument. For this reason, the â€Å"l† point of view or first person should be avoided along with contractions. If examples are needed, they should be made in third person or in general. Seed in things such as Journalistic writing, personal letters, diaries, and light essays, Informal writing Is your personal point of view. With Informal writing being composed of everyday speech, things such as contractions are acceptable. Technical writing on the other hand is also formal English. Unlike formal writing, It Is used by engineers, chicanes, and scientists with specialized vocabulary according to the field. According to chapter 2, technical writing suffers from over wordi ng, the wrong use of past tense, and over using abstract nouns. With the knowledge of these three forms, It makes It easier for the writer to understand how a letter to their mother should be written or why a love letter Is not written as If It were too Judge. The chapter references learning to ride a bike In a comparison to learning to write well. When getting training wheels taken off for the first time, a person cannot learn to ride instructions can be helpful and memorized, perfection can only be obtained by physical action of actually attempting to ride the bike without the training wheels. With time, improvement will be noticed. This is the same with learning to write. Practicing the skill of rhetoric will only produce well written literature. Keeping in mind writing is about remembering who the audience is, the purpose of writing and choosing the appropriate writing level. The process of mastering writing as a whole is a process. With the knowledge and study of rhetoric, this can be accomplished. How to cite Writing, Papers

Jodi Arias free essay sample

Jodi Arias was accused of shooting and stabbing her ex-boyfriend Travis Alexander in Mesa Arizona, June 2008. Travis Alexander, a 30-year-old businessman, well-known motivational speaker and devout Mormon. With a single gunshot to the right brow and being stabbed 29 times, Travis was then left for dead in a stand up shower in his bathroom for several days. When Arias was questioned by the police she stated that she had not seen Travis since April of 2008. She then claimed she had seen two men kill him, then eventually saying that she killed him out of self-defense (Warren, 2013). According to Arias, the dysfunction of their relationship reached its climax when she killed Alexander in self-defense after he became enraged following a day of sex and a gun accident, forcing her to fight for her life. This was the third different account of how Alexanders death had occurred that Arias had offered police, which both prosecutors and observers felt severely damaged Arias credibility as a witness, a sentiment later echoed by jurors upon the completion of the guilt phase. We will write a custom essay sample on Jodi Arias or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Arias also mention they had split up, but Alexander would still invite Arias to his house for sex. Investigators found a camera at the crime scene which had damaging evidence time stamped on photos left on the cameras hard drive, detectives found Alexander’s clothes, sheets, and pillow case in the washer. Also, found the washing machine was the cameras memory card. With positive DNA samples and hair matching Jodi Arias at the crime scene Arias was arrested for the murder of Travis Alexander. In September 2008, Arias was given a public defender and she then pleaded not guilty at her arraignment. In October 2008 the Maricopa County Attorney’s office filed a notice of intent to seek the death penalty against Arias. The Maricopa County Superior court then accused Jodi Arias of First-degree murder â€Å"in an especially cruel, heinous or depraved manner. † This began one of the biggest criminal proceedings since Casey Anthony. Arias told Judge Sherry Stephens she wanted to represent herself. The request was granted but Arias Public defenders Kirk Nurmi and Victoria Washington stayed on the case. Defense attorney Kirk Nurmi argued Jodi Arias acted in self- defense after their relationship became sexual and physically abusive (Arizona Central, 2013). Arias defense attorneys requested that the death penalty be taken off as a punishment due to the defense she did not plan to kill Travis Alexander it was an act of self-defense. This motion was denied. Nurmi tried to enter in electronic letters into evidence to back his case, these letters supposedly had proof of Travis Alexander allegedly admitting being a pedophile. This evidence was dismissed due to it being forged. This delayed the trial for three weeks. In January 2011 Victoria Washington filed a motion to withdraw from the Arias’ case. With the motion being granted, Jennifer Willmott was then assigned to the case. Willmott questioned Arias on the stand for 19 days and handled the witnesses for the defense which ended up with Willmott discrediting Janeen DeMarte a clinical psychologist a state witness (Arizona Central, 2013). In January 2013, opening arguments began. Deputy County Attorney Juan Martinez, a prosecutor known for his gamesmanship, asked the jury to sentence Jodi Arias to death. In his opening statements Jan. 2, 2013, he told the jury that Arias first stabbed Travis Alexander, then slit his throat and put a bullet in his head after he was already dead. Martinez painted a picture of an attractive but jealous woman who murdered a successful man who was trying to break ties with her. His conduct during the trial came under scrutiny of defense attorneys when he was shown in the media posing for pictures with trial spectators outside the courthouse (Arizona Central, 2013). During the trial Juan Martinez tries to get a jurisdictional rule passed against Arias’ use of text messages during the case. The rule was not passed due to lack of evidence and Freedom of speech. Ryan Burns a former love interest of Jodi Arias testified on June 5, 2008 Arias was several hours late arriving home, she told him that she got lost and stopped to rest. Arias had dyed her hair and had cuts on her hands. Arias mentioned she had cut them while working at Margaritaville Resturant, she had broken a glass and cut her finger. They settled down to watch a film together and soon got physical, he told the court at some point we were talking and we kissed, he said. Every time we started kissing it got a little more escalated (Warren, 2013). At some point she was kissing my neck, I was kissing hers, but our clothes never came off. Burns said they resumed their kissing later that night when she climbed on top of him, but they stopped as he did not want her to regret the visit due to her Mormon beliefs about sex. Burns, who is also a Mormon, was unaware that just 24 hours earlier, she had been posing provocatively for photographs later found on her murdered ex-boyfriends camera. On the stand the prosecutor asked about Arias strength, Burns replied, ‘she is a lot strong than she looks† (Warren, 2013). Penalty phase began on May 16, 2013, when prosecutors called Alexanders family members to offer victim impact statements, in an effort to convince the jury that Arias’ crime merited a death sentence. On May 21, 2013, Arias offered an allocution, during which she pleaded for a life sentence. Arias acknowledged that her plea for life was a reversal of remarks she made to a TV reporter shortly after her conviction, when she said she preferred the death penalty. Each time I said that, I meant it, but I lacked perspective, the former Arias said. Until very recently, I could not imagine standing before you and asking you to give me life. She said she changed her mind to avoid bringing more pain to members of her family, who were in the courtroom. At one point, she held up a white T-shirt with the word survivor written across it, telling the jurors that she would sell the clothing and donate all proceeds to victims of domestic abuse. She also said she would donate her hair to Locks of Love while in prison, and had already done so three times while in jail. That evening, in a joint jailhouse interview with The Arizona Republic, show, Arias said she didnt know whether the jury would come back with life or death. Whatever they come back with I will have to deal with it, I have no other choice. Regarding the verdict she said It felt like a huge sense of unreality, I felt betrayed, actually, by the jury. I was hoping they would see things for what they are. I felt really awful for my family and what they were thinking. (Warren, 2013) On May 23, 2013, the sentencing phase of Arias’ trial resulted in a hung jury, prompting the judge to declare a mistrial for that phase. CNN reported the vote was 8 to 4 in favor of death (Shoichet, 2013). After the mistrial was declared and the jury discharged, the jury foreman stated that he believed Arias was mentally abused, but that had not been enough to excuse her crime. He also said, I think 18 days hurt her, I think she was not a good witness. Were charged with presuming innocence, right? But she was on the stand for so long, there were so many contradicting stories. He said the jury found the responsibility of weighing the death sentence overwhelming, but were horrified when their efforts ended in a mistrial. By the end of it, we were mentally and emotionally exhausted, he said. I think we were horrified when we found out that they had actually called a mistrial, and we felt like we had failed. (Shoichet, 2013) On May 30, 2013, Maricopa County Attorney Bill Montgomery discussed the next steps at a news conference. He said he was confident an impartial jury could be seated, but it was possible that lawyers and the victims family could agree to scrap the trial in favor of a life sentence with no parole. Arias had said I dont think there is an untainted jury pool anywhere in the world right now. Thats what it feels like. But I still believe in the system to a degree, so well just go through that if that happens. Defense attorneys responded If the diagnosis made by the States psychologist is correct, the Maricopa County Attorneys Office is seeking to impose the death penalty upon a mentally ill woman who has no prior criminal history. It is not incumbent upon Ms. Arias defense counsel to resolve this case. (Arizona Central, 2013) As of April 25, 2013, defense costs had reached almost $1. 7 million, paid by taxpayers. The penalty phase of the trial is ongoing. A tweet sent on Arias behalf indicated she may be considering a plea deal. On October 22, 2013, Arias filed a motion requesting that Nurmi be replaced as her lead counsel. Arias met with the prosecution to discuss a settlement on October 24, 2013. I was like the rest of the country, I was infatuation with this trial. I would get up every morning at 5:30 to catch the trial before work. I can remember thinking of all the technologies that were used in this trial from DNA to computer science. Detectives collected hair, DNA, writing samples, a camera hard drive, and a memory card that Jodi attempted to completely destroy by putting it in the washing machine among many other pieces of evidence, if technology were not used in the detective work of this case Jodi Arias may have gotten away with murder.

Why a Pen is a Pen-According to Aristotle essays

Why a Pen is a Pen-According to Aristotle essays Why the Pen in Your Hand is a Pen Aristotle would agree that the pen in your hand is a pen. According to Aristotle everything is either a substance or an attribute, the pen in your hand is a substance. All substances consist of 2 Ontological moments, matter and form. An object must have matter and form to be accepted as a substance. A substances matter is what it is made of and the form is what makes the substance what it is, both of are needed to make the pen a pen. The matter of the pen is the ink, the plastic, and the ballpoint. The form of the pen is the penness. However, matter and form are not the only essentials Aristotle would use to support the fact that the pen in your hand is a pen. Aristotle Causes would also be used to verify the pens existence. These causes lead to the purpose of a substance. The first cause is known as the Material Cause, which deals with the matter of the substance. The Material Cause of the pen is ink, the plastic, and the ballpoint. The second cause is known as the Formal Cause, which deals with the form of the substance. The Formal Cause of the pen is penness. Both of these Causes make up the third Cause, which is known as the Efficient Cause. The Efficient Cause is the principle of motion or change. The person or machine that produced the pen Source: Looking at Philosophy (3rd Edition) by Donald Palmer (McGraw Hill, 2001) would be the Efficient Cause of the pen. The last Cause is called the Final Cause, this Cause deals with the purpose of a substance. The Final Cause of the pen is to be used for writing. These four causes along with the Ontological moments of a substance help lead to the conclusion that the pen in your hand is a pen. In conclusion the pen in your hand is a pen because it contains matter and form along with the essential causes that lead to its final purpose. ...

Russian Revolution Timeline

Russian Revolution Timeline The Russian Revolution of 1917 deposed the czar and installed the Bolsheviks in power. After winning the civil war in Russia, the Bolsheviks established the Soviet Union in 1922. Timelines of the Russian Revolution are often confusing because up until February 1918 Russia used a different calendar than the rest of the Western world. The 19th century, the Julian calendar, used by Russia, was 12 days behind the Gregorian calendar (used by most of the Western world) until March 1, 1900, when it became 13 days behind. In this timeline, the dates are in the Julian Old Style, with the Gregorian New Style (NS) date in parentheses, until the change in 1918. Thereafter, all dates are in the Gregorian. Timeline of the Russian Revolution 1887 May 8 (May 20 NS) - Lenins brother, Alexander Ulyanov, is hanged for plotting to kill Czar Alexander III. 1894 October 20 (November 1 NS) - Czar Alexander III dies after a sudden illness and his son, Nicholas II, becomes the ruler of Russia.November 14 (November 26 NS) - Czar Nicholas II marries Alexandra Fedorovna. 1895 December 8 (December 20 NS) - Lenin is arrested, kept in solitary confinement for 13 months, and then exiled to Siberia for three years. 1896 May 14 (May 26 NS) - Nicholas II crowned czar of Russia. Print Collector/Getty Images / Getty Images 1903 July 17 - August 10 (July 30 - August 23 NS) - The Russian Social-Democratic Labor Party (RSDLP) meeting in which the Party splits into two factions: Mensheviks (minority) and Bolsheviks (majority). 1904 July 30 (August 12 NS) - After having four girls, Czarina Alexandra gives birth to a son, Alexei. 1905 January 9 (January 22 NS) - Bloody Sunday in St. Petersburg begins the 1905 Russian Revolution.October 17 (October 30 NS) - The October Manifesto, issued by Czar Nicholas II, brings an end to the 1905 Russian Revolution by promising civil liberties and an elected parliament (Duma). 1906 April 23 (May 6 NS) - A constitution (the Fundamental Laws of 1906) is created, reflecting the promises made in the October Manifesto. 1914 July 15 (July 28 NS) - World War I begins. 1915 September 5 (September 18 NS) - Czar Nicholas II assumes supreme command of the Russian Army. 1916 December 17 (December 30) - Rasputin is murdered. 1917 February 23-27 (March 8-12 NS) - The February Revolution begins with strikes, demonstrations, and mutinies in Petrograd (also called the March Revolution if following the Gregorian calendar).March 2 (March 15 NS) - Czar Nicholas II abdicates and includes his son. The following day, Nicholas brother, Mikhail announced his refusal to accept the throne. Provisional Government formed.April 3 (April 16 NS) - Lenin returns from exile and arrives in Petrograd via a sealed train.July 3-7 (July 16-20 NS) - The July Days begin in Petrograd with spontaneous protests against the Provisional Government; after the Bolsheviks unsuccessfully try to direct these protests into a coup, Lenin is forced into hiding.July 11 (July 24 NS) - Alexander Kerensky becomes Prime Minister of the Provisional Government.August 22-27 (September 4-9 NS) - The Kornilov Affair, a failed coup by General Lavr Kornilov, commander of the Russian Army.October 25 (November 7 NS) - The October Revolution - the Bolsheviks take over Petrograd (also called the November Revolution if following the Gregorian calendar). October 26 (November 8 NS) - The Winter Palace, the last holdout of the Provisional Government, is taken by the Bolsheviks; the Council of Peoples Commissars (abbreviated as Sovnarkom), led by Lenin, is now in control of Russia. 1918 February 1/14 - The new Bolshevik government converts Russia from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar turning February 1 into February 14.March 3 - The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, between Germany and Russia, is signed and takes Russia out of World War I.March 8 - The Bolshevik Party changes its name to the Communist Party.March 11 - The capital of Russia is changed from St. Petersburg to Moscow.June - Russian civil war begins.July 17 - Czar Nicholas II and his family are executed.August 30 - An assassination attempt leaves Lenin seriously wounded. Heritage Images / Getty Images 1920 November - Russian civil war ends. 1922 April 3 - Stalin is appointed General Secretary.May 26 - Lenin suffers his first stroke.December 15 - Lenin suffers his second stroke and retires from politics.December 30 - The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.) established. 1924 January 21 - Lenin dies; Stalin will become his successor. Laski Diffusion / Getty Images

Reflection (one page) and Workshop related assessment ( 4 pages) Essay

Reflection (one page) and Workshop related assessment ( 4 pages) - Essay Example With their combined varied expertise, experiences and beliefs/principles, they would surely gain Jeremy’s confidence and trust, which are of primary importance for successful therapy. In fact, the educational background of Bentley’s team of counsellors alone (all gained graduate school degree in psychology, counselling and therapy from prestigious universities) is enough to get client’s confidence that they can do their job. Not to say the formal and informal training they had for their over 50 years of combined industry experience. This means that their strong theoretical foundations, rich professional experiences, and varied encounters with clients had capacitated them to deal with mental health issue of their expertise effectively. ... Much more, its amenities (for example, ample parking), and other services (for example, booking and enquiries, workshops and courses) are all meant to give clients better and personalise services. With all these, what more could Jeremy ask for? B. Bentley Family Therapy Centre: Best Clinic for Jeremy My assessment of Jeremy’s mental condition and my appraisal of Bentley Family Therapy Centre make me believe that Bentley is the best clinic there is in Perth for Jeremy. Why I said so is mainly because of the following reasons: 1. Jeremy’s identified risk factors are addressed by the clinic. In fact, his primary risk factors (clinical depression and post-traumatic stress) are Bentley’s focus and trademark. 2. The framework by which Bentley’s therapeutic strategies are designed fits well with Jeremy’s need – holistic approach grounded in the individual’s traits/personality and family background. 3. The therapies that Bentley offers are des igned to address mental health issues similar to Jeremy’s (see question 2) of similar/related stressors (serious accident/physical injury, loss, divorce, discharged from the military) thus these therapies correspond to Jeremy’s need and context. 4. The specialisation, expertise, and beliefs/principles of Bentley’s team of counsellors match Jeremy’s mental health needs and potentials. Aside from their combined expertise on loss, grief, trauma, clinical anxiety, drug abuse, childhood trauma, some of them has experience working with military and male adult clients, and some specialises in Expressive (Creative Arts)

Math Early Childhood Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Math Early Childhood - Assignment Example Groups have group think especially when formed by students sharing the same interests. Groups used different materials to create variety of ideas since students have cognisance of different objects. 3. He uses variety of graphical representation techniques for instance: maps, number line and scales. This enhances flexibility in learning since the student gets different ideas resulting in a general understanding. He set the students free to move around and be comfortable when working on the estimates. 4. By the use of number line to allocate the point at which the animal counts they have estimated rests. They used rulers and maps to estimate the size of geographical regions under survey. Measurement at the number could have been enhanced by drawing a straight line then marking different points of equidistant from one another. 5. As seen in the results, there are two results which have close estimates. According to the rule of probability, the two close ones are closer to the real value. I would then take an average of the two as the final estimate. 1. Advantage: the concept of time as a measure of duration enables the students get a background information of how the inventors came up with this gadget. This enhances their creativity as seen in the way they enjoy the exercises. Disadvantage: introducing the concept of time goes into intricate details which might be too difficult for young students to understand. Their mind is also diverted from the overall goal which is time reading. Going straight to reading time creates an ease of comprehension. 2. They counted the second hand after every five seconds to note how many of them are there in a minute. This was done under the teacher’s guidance and they shouted along. This counted till they reached 60 thereby knowing how many seconds are there in a minute.

Design of 4 Line Private Exchange Box

Design of 4 Line Private Exchange Box INTRODUCTION 1.0 INTRODUCTION Private branch exchange system (PBXs) operates as a connection within private organizations usually a business. Because they incorporate telephones, the general term extension is used to refer to any end point on the branch. The PBX handles calls between these extensions. The primary advantage of PBXs was cost savings on internal phone calls: handling the circuit switching locally reduced charges for local phone services. The private branch exchange (PBX) provides internal station-to-station communications for a well-defined set of users. Three distinct generations of private branch exchanges have appeared. In the first generation (1900-1930), a human operator manually set up calls. Second-generation private branch exchanges (mid-1930s to mid-1970s) used mechanical relays to establish the call path. The third generation of private branch exchanges is the stored-program microprocessor-controlled system. Introduced in the mid-1970s, these systems use computer instructions to perform th e call set-up and tear-down. The third-generation private branch exchange is physically much smaller than electromechanical models, uses less power, and generates less heat.(Brooks, 1999) In this project, the design of a 4 line telephone systems with full signaling and switching functions similar to those of the central office systems was embarked upon. Dial tone, busy tone, and ring tone are provided during call process. Switching employs integrated circuit (IC) matrix switches on four buses. Thus, this system is expandable to 8 lines (4 pairs) if more hardware is added. This system is switching on the Dual Tone Multi Frequency (DTMF) dialing signal. 1.1 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM The major problems this project intends to deal with are: Cut down cost of internal calls made within a company. Eliminate the need for a central telephone company to help you monitor your internal calls. Eliminate Stress of notification of telephone company each time you need a new extension and thereby reducing cost. Ensure security of your internal calls which otherwise can be tapped by company operating it. Eliminate the need for a manual switchboard and subsequently an operator to connect the calls. Reduce man-hours lost through staff walking about in an office in order to pass information to each other. 1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: The main aim of this project is to design and implement a 4 line private exchange box that is able to create connection between four different telephone lines internally without having to connect to an external or trunk line. The objectives include: Establishing connections between the telephone sets of any two users. (e.g. mapping a dialed number to a physical phone) Maintaining such connections as long as the users require them. (i.e. channeling voice signals between the users) Creating an easy means of communication in an office without getting to spend money for their internal calls. To switch between telephone users thereby creating connections. To make sure the connection remains in place as long as it last, by keeping its resources. To properly end the connection when a user hangs up. 1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY The ability or concept of providing an easy and less expensive way of communication within a small office or organization without having to pay for your internal calls or having limits to the rate or length of calls within the office. Also it is not necessary to go from office to office when something is needed, information is to be passed; a call to a colleague saves stress of walking about. 1.4 SCOPE OF STUDY The Private Exchange System in this project is limited to a four lines which means that internal calls can be made from only four nodes. As such, it is only suitable for very small organization. 1.5 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The review of existing and related works to source appropriate information on how to go about the implementation of the project will be carried out. Information shall be gathered from text books, magazines, journals, and World Wide Web to provide answers in relation to the study. Based on the review, the design and implementation of a four line private exchange box system shall be carried out. 1.6 LIMITATIONS OF STUDY There are several factors that could contribute to the group not delving deeper into this project which could have resulted in a more comprehensive work. Constraints are unavoidable in any system, be it a natural system or a computer system. Due to the extensiveness of this project topic, limitations were encountered some of which include: Time constraint. Financial constraints. Inadequate facilities to work with. 1.7 ORGANIZATION OF WORK In chapter one, the research topic is introduced, which is followed by the statement of problem after which the aims and objectives of the study are stated, significance of study, scope of study and research methodology are all identified. The second chapter gives us a view of the related works which have been done and how they are related to our work. The third chapter is about our design methodology and this emphasizes on how the whole private exchange system works and its components. The quality of the system is tested and documented in chapter four. Also in chapter four, an in-depth manual of the system functions and contents is given. A summary of all chapters, a conclusion is outlined in chapter five. CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0 HISTORY OF PRIVATE EXCHANGE BOX In the field of telecommunications, a telephone exchange or telephone switch is a system of electronic components that connects telephone calls. A central office is the physical building used to house inside plant equipment including telephone switches, which make phone calls work in the sense of making connections and relaying the speech information. Early telephone exchanges are a suitable example of circuit switching; the subscriber would ask the operator to connect to another subscriber, whether on the same exchange or via an inter-exchange link and another operator. In any case, the end result was a physical electrical connection between the two subscribers telephones for the duration of the call. The copper wire used for the connection could not be used to carry other calls at the same time, even if the subscribers were in fact not talking and the line was silent. The first telephone exchange opened in New Haven, Connecticut in 1878. The switchboard was built from carriage bolts, handles from tea pot lids and bustle wire and could handle two simultaneous conversations. Later exchanges consisted of one to several hundred plug boards staffed by telephone operators. Each operator sat in front of a vertical panel containing banks of  ¼-inch tip-ring-sleeve (3-conductor) jacks, each of which was the local termination of a subscribers telephone line. In front of the jack panel lay a horizontal panel containing two rows of patch cords, each pair connected to a cord circuit. When a calling party lifted the receiver, a signal lamp near the jack would light. The operator would plug one of the cords (the answering cord) into the subscribers jack and switch her headset into the circuit to ask, number please? Depending upon the answer, the operator might plug the other cord of the pair (the ringing cord) into the called partys local jack and start the ri nging cycle, or plug into a trunk circuit to start what might be a long distance call handled by subsequent operators in another bank of boards or in another building miles away. 2.1 PBX SYSTEM COMPONENTS PBX is a telephone exchange serving a single organization and having no means for connecting to a public telephone system it serves a user company which wants to have its own communication branch to save some money on internal calls. This is done by having the exchanging or switching of circuits done locally, inside the company. There are some important components which play a major role in the implementation of an effective PBX system. Some of the Component The PBXs internal switching network. Central processor unit (CPU) or computer inside the system, including memory. Logic cards, switching and control cards, power cards and related devices that facilitate PBX operation. Stations or telephone sets, sometimes called lines. Outside Telco trunks that deliver signals to (and carry them from) the PBX. Console or switchboard allows the operator to control incoming calls. Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) consisting of sensors, power switches and batteries. Interconnecting wiring. Cabinets, closets, vaults and other housings. 2.2 PRIVATE BRANCH EXCHANGE (PBX) There are essentially three different types of PBXs that could be deployed within an organization infrastructure. It is necessary to be certain of type in use, so as to be able to identify the essential numbers. There are currently three different PBX classes: Centrex; Direct Inward Dialing (DID)/Direct Outward Dialing (DOD) and Megalink. 2.2.1 CENTREX Centrex is the easiest of the PBX types. This PBX, unlike other types is installed within the telephone companys Central Office (CO) and does not require dialing an extension code (normally 4 numeric characters) after having dialed the 7 to 10 digit number to connect a call to an individual. In a simplistic manner, it could be considered similar to the telephone used at home. It has an area code (NPA), an Exchange (NXX) and a Unique Number, (0000 to 9999) and does not require the dialling of another number after it in order to place a call. These numbers may be entered through a PAD. 2.2.2 Direct Inward Dialing(DID)/ Direct Outward Dialing (DOD) Unlike a Centrex, these types of PBXs is not installed within the telephone companys Central Office. Secondly, if a cut of the telephone wire occurs outside the building, individuals are still able to dial within it to talk to colleagues by simply dialing their extension number (normally a number between 0000 to 9999) lastly; this PBX is controlled via a computer interface at a control console. Since the PBX requires constant power to function, it may be necessary to hook it with generating plant, in the absence of power from electricity company. Direct Inward Dialing (DID) and Direct Outward Dialing (DOD) are simply features of an Automated PBX which require that you dial the companys general telephone number followed by the entry of the individuals extension number when prompted to do so. DIDs allow you direct dialing (seven digits) to locate an individual within an organizations PBX. It is a trunk phone number that must be entered into the PAD program and flagged as a PBX to ensure that the outgoing line(s) get priority. PBXs may be privately owned or telecommunication company owned. If PBX is programmable it is possible to assign specific trunk lines to specific numbers. These trunk line numbers may then be entered on PAD thus providing dial tone protection. 2.2.3 MEGALINKS The major difference between this and a Centrex PBX is that the exiting trunk lines from a building to the telephone company central office are comprised of fibre optic cables and not through twisted pair wiring. Another difference is that unlike a Centrex that is identified by its ten digit telephone number (NPA, NXX, and Unique), Megalinks are identified by a circuit ID number. This number may contain characters and may even resemble a telephone number, however, PAD does not allow for the entry of the circuit switch identifier. The reason is quite simple, fibre optic cabling circuits can handle far more traffic than twisted pair PBXs. 2.3 INTERFACE STANDARDS Interfaces for connecting extensions to a PBX include: POTS (Plain Old Telephone System) the common two-wire interface used in most homes. This is cheap and effective, and allows almost any standard phone to be used as an extension. Proprietary the manufacturer has defined a protocol. One can only connect the manufacturers sets to their PBX, but the benefit is more visible information displayed and/or specific function buttons. DECT a standard for connecting cordless phones. Internet Protocol For example, H.323 and SIP. Interfaces for connecting PBXs to each other include: Proprietary protocols if equipment from several manufacturers is on site, the use of a standard protocol is required. QSIG for connecting PBXs to each other, usually runs over T1 (T-carrier) or E1 (E-carrier) physical circuits. DPNSS for connecting PBXs to trunk lines. Standardised by British Telecom, this usually runs over E1 (E-carrier) physical circuits. Internet Protocol H.323, SIP and IAX protocols are IP based solutions which can handle voice and multimedia (e.g. video) calls. Interfaces for connecting PBXs to trunk lines include: Standard POTS (Plain Old Telephone System) lines the common two-wire interface used in most domestic homes. This is adequate only for smaller systems, and can suffer from not being able to detect incoming calls when trying to make an outbound call. ISDN the most common digital standard for fixed telephony devices. This can be supplied in either Basic (2 circuit capacity) or Primary (24 or 30 circuit capacity) versions. Most medium to large companies would use Primary ISDN circuits carried on T1 or E1 physical connections. RBS (Robbed bit signaling) delivers 24 digital circuits over a four-wire (T1) interface. Internet Protocol H.323, SIP, MGCP, and Inter-Asterisk eXchange protocols operate over IP and are supported by some network providers. Interfaces for collecting data from the PBX: Serial interface historically used to print every call record to a serial printer. Now an application connects via serial cable to this port. Network Port (Listen mode) where an external application connects to the TCP or UDP port. The PBX then starts streaming information down to the application. Network Port (Server mode) The PBX connects to another application or buffer. File The PBX generates a file containing the call records from the PBX. The call records from the PBX are called SMDR, CDR, or CIL.   (Micheal, 1999) 2.4 TELEPHONE Telephone is one of the most amazing devices ever created.   Although most people take it completely for granted, the telephone is one of the most amazing devices ever created. To talk to someone, just pick up the phone and dial a few digits; connection will be established with the person and a two-way conversation can take place. It is an instrument designed for simultaneous transmission and reception of the human voice. It works by converting the sound waves of the human voice to pulses of electrical current, transmitting the current, and then retranslating the current back to sound. The U.S. patent granted to Alexander Graham Bell in 1876 for developing a device to transmit speech sounds over electric wires is often called the most valuable ever issued. Within 20 years, the telephone acquired a form that has remained fundamentally unchanged for more than a century. The advent of the transistor (1947) led to lightweight, compact circuitry . Advances in electronics have allowed th e introduction of a number of smart features such as automatic redialing, caller identification, call waiting, and call forwarding. The figure 2.1 shows the major components that makes up a telephone set. 2.5 HOW TELEPHONE WORKS When a person speaks into a telephone, the sound waves created by his voice enter the mouthpiece. An electric current carries the sound to the telephone of the person he is talking to. A telephone has two main parts: (1) the transmitter and (2) the receiver.The Transmitter of a telephone serves as a sensitive electric ear. It lies behind the mouthpiece of the phone. Like the human ear, the transmitter has 14 eardrum. The eardrum of the telephone is a thin, round metal disk called a diaphragm. When a person talks into the telephone, the sound waves strike the diaphragm and make it vibrate. The diaphragm vibrates at various speeds, depending on the variations in air pressure caused by the varying tones of the speakers voice.   Behind the diaphragm lies a small cup filled with tiny grains of carbon. The diaphragm presses against these carbon grains. Low voltage electric current travels through the grains. This current comes from batteries at the telephone company. The pressure on the carbon grains varies as sound waves make the diaphragm vibrate. A loud sound causes the sound waves to push hard on the diaphragm. In turn, the diaphragm presses the grains tightly together. This action makes it easier for the electric current to travel through, and a large amount of electricity flows through the grains. When the sound is soft, the sound waves push lightly on the diaphragm. In turn, the diaphragm puts only a light pressure on the carbon grains. The grains are pressed together loosely. This makes it harder for the electric current to pass through them, and less current flows through the grains. Thus, the pattern of the sound waves determines the pressure on the diaphragm. This pressure, in turn, regulates the pressure on the carbon grains. The crowded or loose grains cause the electric current to become stronger or weaker. The current copies the pattern of the sound waves and travels over a telephone wire to the receiver of another telephone. The Receiver serves as an electric mouth. Like a human voice, it has vocal cords. The vocal cords of the receiver are a diaphragm. Two magnets located at the edge of the diaphragm cause it to vibrate. One of the magnets is a permanent magnet that constantly holds the diaphragm close to it. The other magnet is an electromagnet. It consists of a piece of iron with a coil of wire wound around it. When an electric current passes through the coil, the iron core becomes magnetized. The diaphragm is pulled toward the iron core and away from the permanent magnet. The pull of the electromagnet varies between strong and weak, depending on the variations in the current. Thus, the electromagnet controls the vibrations of the diaphragm in the receiver.The electric current passing through the electromagnet becomes stronger or weaker according to the loud or soft sounds. This action causes the diaphragm to vibrate according to the speakers speech pattern. As the diaphragm moves in and out, it pulls and pushes the air in front of it. The pressure on the air sets up sound waves that are the same as the ones sent into the transmitter. The sound waves strike the ear of the listener and he hears the words of the speaker. (www.howstuffworks.com) 2.6 THE RINGER Simply speaking this is a device that alerts you to an incoming call. It may be a bell, light, or warbling tone.  Ã‚   The ringing signal is in an AC wave form.   Although the common frequency used can be any frequency between 15 and 68 Hz.   Most of the world uses frequencies   between   20 and 40 Hz.  Ã‚   The voltage at the subscribers end depends upon loop length and number   of   ringers attached to the line; it could be between 40 and 150 Volts. The ringing cadence (the timing of ringing to pause), varies from company to company.   In the United States the cadence is normally 2 seconds of ringing to 4 seconds of pause. An unanswered phone in the United States will keep ringing until the caller hangs up.   But in some countries, the ringing will time out if the call is not answered. The   most   common   ringing   device is   the   gong   ringer; a solenoid   coil   with a clapper that strikes either a single or double bell. A gong ringer is the loudest signaling device that is solely phone-line powered. Modern telephones tend to use warbling ringers, which are usually ICs powered by the rectified ringing signal.   The audio transducer is a small   loudspeaker via a transformer. Ringers are isolated from the DC of the phone line by a capacitor. Gong ringers in the United States use a 0.47 uF capacitor.   Warbling ringers in the United States generally use a 1.0 uF capacitor.   Telephone companies in other   parts   of   the world   use   capacitors   between   0.2   and   2.0   uF.  Ã‚   The  Ã‚   paper capacitors of the past have been replaced almost exclusively with capacitors made of Mylar film.   Their voltage rating is always 50 Volts.   The capacitor and ringer coil, or Zeners in a warbling ringer, constitute a resonant circuit. When phone is hung up (on hook) the ringer is across the line; and it has merely silenced the transducer, not removed the circuit from the line. When the telephone company uses the ringer to test the line, it   sends   a   low-voltage, low frequency   signal   down   the   line (usually   2 Volts at 10 Hz) to test for continuity. The company compares result with the expected signals of the line.   This is how it can tell whether an added equipment is on the line. If your telephone has had its ringer disconnected, the telephone company cannot detect its presen ce on the line. Because there is only a certain amount of current available to   drive ringers, if ringers are added to phone lines indiscriminately, a point will be reached at which either all ringers will cease to ring, some will cease to ring, or some ringers will ring   weakly. A normal ringer is defined as   a   standard gong   ringer   as   supplied   in   a   phone   company   standard   desk telephone; Value given to this ringer   is   Ringer   Equivalence Number   (REN)   1. It can be as high as 3.2, which means that device consumes the equivalent   power   of   3.2 standard ringers, or 0.0, which means it consumes no current when subjected   to   a   ringing   signal.   If   there is a problem with ringing, it could be that the REN is greater than 5, disconnecting ringers until REN is at 5 or below will usually solve the problem. Other countries have various ways of expressing   REN,   and some   systems   will handle no more th an three of   their   standard ringers.   But whatever the system, if an extra equipment was added and the   phones   stop ringing, or the phone answering   machine   wont pick   up   calls,   the solution is disconnect   ringers   until   the problem   is resolved. Warbling ringers tend to draw less current than   gong   ringers, so changing from gong   ringers   to   warbling ringers may help spread the sound better. Frequency response is the second criterion by which a ringer is described. Because a ringer is supposed to respond to AC waveforms,   it will tend to respond to transients (such as switching transients) when the phone is hung up, or when the rotary dial is used on   an extension phone.   This is called bell tap in the United States; in other   countries,   its often called   bell   tinkle.  Ã‚   While European and   Asian phones tend to bell tap, or   tinkle,   United States ringers that bell tap are considered defective. The bell tap   is   designed out of gong ringers and fine   tuned   with   bias springs.  Ã‚   Warbling   ringers   for use in the   United   States   are designed   not   to respond to short transients;   this   is   usually accomplished   by   rectifying the AC and filtering   it   before   it powers the IC,   then not switching on the output stage unless the voltage lasts long enough to charge a second capacitor.(Roberts, 2006) 2.7 HOOK SWITCH This is a lever that is depressed when the handset is resting in its cradle. It is a two-wire to four-wire converter that provides conversion between the four-wire handset and the two-wire local loop. There are two stages, which are off   hook and on hook Off hook: The state of a telephone line that allows dialing and transmission but prohibits incoming calls from being answered. The phone is off-hook when the handset is removed from the base unit of a stationary phone or press Talk on a portable phone. The term stems from the days when the handset was lifted off an actual hook. When the handset was removed, a spring caused contacts to press together, closing the circuit from the telephone to the switchboard. On hook: The condition that exists when a telephone or other user instrument is not in use, i.e., when idle waiting for a call. Note: on-hook originally referred to the storage of an idle telephone reciever, i.e., separate earpiec, on a swithch hook. The weigth of the recieved depresses the sping leaded switch hook thereby disconnecting the idle instrument (except its bell) from the telephone line.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (Roberts, 2006) 2.8 THE DIAL There are two types of dials in use around the world. The most common one is called pulse, loop disconnect, or rotary; the oldest form of dialing, its been in use since the 1920s. The other dialing   method,   is called Touch-tone, Dual Tone Multi-Frequency   (DTMF) Pulse dialing   is traditionally accomplished with   a   rotary dial,   which is a speed governed wheel with a cam that opens   and closes a switch in series with the phone and the line.   It works by   actually   disconnecting   or hanging   up   the   telephone   at specific intervals.   The United States standard is one disconnect per  Ã‚   digit,  Ã‚   so if a   1, is dailled, the telephone   is disconnected once. To dial a seven means that it will be   disconnected seven times; and dialling a zero means that it will hang up ten times. Some countries invert the system so 1 causes ten disconnects   and 0,   one disconnect.   Some add a digit so that dialing a 5 would cause six disconnects and 0, eleven disconnects.   There are even some systems in which dialing 0 results in one   disconnect,   and all   other digits are plus one, making a 5 cause six   disconnects and 9, ten disconnects. Although most exchanges are quite happy with rates of 6   to 15   Pulses Per Second (PPS), the phone company accepted   standard is   8   to   10 PPS.   Some modern digital exchanges, free   of   the mechanical   inertia problems of older systems, will accept a   PPS rate as high as 20. Besides   the PPS rate, the dialing pulses have a   make/break ratio,   usually   described as a percentage, but   sometimes   as   a straight   ratio.   The North American standard is 60/40   percent; most of Europe accepts a standard of 63/37 percent.   This is the pulse measured at the telephone, not at the exchange, where   its somewhat   different, having traveled through the phone line   with its   distributed   resistance, capacitance,   and   inductance.  Ã‚   In practice, the   make/break   ratio does not   seem   to   affect   the performance of the dial when attached to a normal loop.   However,each pulse is a switch connect and disconnect across   a complex   impedance, so the switching transient often reaches   300 Volts. Usually, a safe practice is not to have fingers   across   the   line   when dialing. Most pulse dialing phones produced today use a CMOS IC and a keyboard.   Instead of pushing finger round in circles, then removing finger and waiting for the dial to return   before dialing the next digit, the button can be punched as fast as desired.   The IC stores the number and pulses out the number at the correct rate with the correct make/break ratio and the switching is done with a high-voltage switching transistor.   Because the IC has already stored the dialed number in order to pulse it out at the   correct rate,   its a simple matter for telephone designers to   keep   the memory alive   and allow the telephone to   store,   recall,   and redial the Last Number Dialed (LND).   This feature enables easy redial by picking up the handset and pushing just one button. Touch tone is the most modern form of dialing. It is   fast   and less   prone to error than pulse dialing.   Compared to pulse, its major advantage is that its audio band signals can   travel   down phone   lines further than pulse, which can travel only as far   as the   local   exchange. Touch-tone can therefore   send   signals around   the   world via the telephone lines, and can   be   used   to control phone answering machines and computers.   Bell   Labs developed DTMF in order to have a dialing   system that   could travel across microwave links and work   rapidly   with computer   controlled exchanges.   Each transmitted digit consists of two separate audio tones that are mixed together. The four   vertical columns on the keypad are known as   the   high group and the four horizontal rows as the low group; the digit   8 is   composed   of 1336 Hz and 852 Hz.   The level of each   tone   is within   3   dB   of the other.   A complete touch-tone pad has 16 digits, as opposed to ten on a pulse dial.   Besides the numerals 0 to 9, a DTMF   dial has *, #, A, B, C, and D.   Although the letters are not normally found   on consumer telephones, the IC in the phone is capable   of generating them. The   * sign is usually called star or asterisk.  Ã‚   The # sign,   often referred to as the pound sign. is actually   called an   octothorpe. Although many phone users have never used   these digits      they are not, after all, ordinarily   used in   dialing phone   numbers. They   are used   for   control   purposes,   phone answering machines, bringing up remote bases, electronic banking, and repeater control.   The one use of the octothorpe that may be familiar occurs in dialing international calls from phones.   After dialing the complete number,   dialing   the octothorpe   lets the exchange know youve finished   dialing.  Ã‚   It can now begin routing your call; without the octothorpe, it would wait and time out before switching your call. Standard DTMF dials will produce a tone as long as a key   is depressed.  Ã‚   No matter   how long you press,   the   tone   will   be decoded as the appropriate digit.   The shortest duration in which a digit can be sent and decoded is about 100 milliseconds   (ms).   Its pretty   difficult   to dial by hand at   such   a   speed,   but automatic dialers can do it.   A twelve-digit long distance number can be   dialed by an automatic dialer in a little   more   than   a second about as long as it takes a pulse dial to send a   single 0 digit.(Roberts,2006) 2.9 MODULAR CONNECTORS Modular connector is the name given to a family of electrical connectors that were originally used in telephone wiring. Even though they are still used for that purpose they are used for a variety of other things as well. A modular connectors advantage over many other kinds include; small size and ease of plugging and unplugging. Many uses that originally used a bulkier connector have migrated to modular connectors. Probably the most well known applications of modular connectors is for telephone jacks and for ethernet jacks, which are nearly always modular connectors. Figure 2.2 shows types of connectors commonly used. Modular connectors were first used in the registered jack system, so registered Jack specifications describe them precisely. These are the specifications to which all practical modular connectors are built. Modular connectors come in four sizes: 4-, 6-, 8-, and 10-position. A position is a place that can hold a conductor (pin). The positions need not all be used; a connector can have any even number of conductors. Unused positions are usually the outermost positions. The connectors are designed so that a plug can fit into any jack that has at least the number of positions as the plug. Where the jack has more positions than the plug, the outermost positions are unused. However, plugs from different manufacturers may not have this compatibility, and some manufacturers of eight position j

Spanish Language and Latin America

1 International Baccalaureate History of the Americas HL Required Summer Reading Study Guide Born in Blood and Fire: A Concise History of Latin America By John Charles Chasteen Foreign Affairs November/December 2000 states: Born in Blood and Fire is a briskly written yet sophisticated introduction to Latin America that will be greatly welcomed by non-specialists and experts alike. Chasteen paints on a very broad canvas, but he succeeds in capturing with enviable conciseness the major ingredients of Latin America's uniqueness and complexity.Especially welcome is his graceful integration of Brazil into the overall picture, which general histories of Latin America often lack. He first takes the reader from the European conquest through the colonial consolidation by Spain and Portugal before looking at the role of indigenous communities in the new order imposed by the Europeans and African slavery's social and cultural consequences. He then follows with the independence movements and the uneven attempts at nation-building in the nineteenth century; race, ethnicity, religious and liberal ideologies, and the roles of key individuals are also covered.Chasteen concludes with the recent return to economic liberalism, this time in the context of open elections, continuing poverty, and social exclusion of large segments of the population. A stellar performance! Summer Reading Directions: The answers to these questions should be well thought out, typed, 12 point font, single spaced, New Times Roman. The completed review sheet is a summer long process that is not designed and should not be attempted at the last minute. This assignment will be due on the first full school day of the 2011 – 2012 academic school year.These questions will prepare you for the first 2 day examination made up of 96 multiple choice questions and 57 matching terms. This is the first grade of the course and will set the study tempo for the remainder of the school year. 2 Study Guide/ Discussio n Questions John Charles Chasteen’s Born in Blood and Fire: A Concise History of Latin America. Chapter 1 – First Stop, the Present 1. 2. 3. 4. According to Chasteen, what is the unifying theme or unifying conflict that characterizes Latin American history? Is this a good choice? What might be some strengths or weaknesses of this focus?Why do Cuba and Brazil have such high populations of African Americans? Define â€Å"liberalism† as Chasteen uses the term: What are the different attitudes toward Latin Americans that have been common in the U. S. during the twentieth century? Chapter 2 – Encounter (1492-1600) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. What were some of the ways the historical and cultural context of the Iberian peninsula shaped the attitudes and practices of Europeans who first sailed to the Americas? Compare the Portuguese colonization of Brazil with the Spanish Colonization of what would become Mexico and Peru.Important similarities and differences? What larger significance does Chasteen see in the name change from â€Å"Island of the True Cross† to â€Å"Brazil†? What three areas of Africa provided the majority of Black slaves for the Americas? Members of which European country became the most active slave traders? From Chasteen’s perspective, what were the key factors that enabled vastly outnumbered Spanish forces to conquer the Aztec and Inca empires? In what specific ways do Las Casas’s life and values stand in contrast to those of the majority of Spaniards who came to the Americas?Briefly define or identify the following terms: Encomienda Tupi Pedro Alvarez Cabral Moors Francisco Pizarro Malinche (Marina) Salvador (Bahia) Chapter 3 – Colonial Crucible (1600-1810) 1. 2. 3. 4. In what ways did economic realities contribute to the prosperity and influence of colonial Spanish America in comparison to colonial Brazil? Name the four viceroyalties and their capitals that came to exist in Spanish America: W hat does Chasteen mean on p. 77 when he says that â€Å"transculturation and hegemony often went together† in Latin America?Do you think he’s right? Name four areas that Chasteen considers peripheral areas or â€Å"backwaters† of colonial Latin America: 3 5. Compare attitudes toward race in Latin America as described in this chapter with attitudes in the U. S. as you understand them. What significant similarities or differences do you see? Briefly define or identify the following terms: Sor Juana de la Cruz â€Å"honor† in Latin America Gracias al sacar Quilombos and Palenques Potosi Zumbi Rebellion of Gonzalo Pizarro Tupac Amaru II Engenho AleijadinhoChapter 4 – Independence (1810-1825) 1. 2. 3. 4. In what ways did events in Europe affect the movements for independence in Latin America? According to Chasteen, which independence movements in Spanish America were actually popular revolutions? Which were primarily â€Å"revolutions from above† ? How did the Brazilian independence movement compare with those in Spanish America? What impact did the independence movements have on patterns of colonialism in Spanish America?Briefly define or identify the following terms: Creoles Jose Maria Morelos Llaneros Simon Bolivar Jose Antonio Paez Peninsulars Vicente Guerrero and Augustin de Iturbide Nativism Battle of Ayacucho Miguel Hidalgo Pedro I Chapter 5 – Postcolonial Blues (1825-1850) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Why did liberalism in Latin America seem to collapse in the years following the wars of independence? What were some of the main characteristics of a caudillo? What factors helped Brazil maintain its territorial unity during the years when many regions of Spanish America were splintering into numerous new nations?In what ways does Chasteen suggest the social structure in Latin America remained the same after independence? How did it change? Who were the main â€Å"outsiders† involved in Latin America during this period? This outside involvement was particularly notable in the two former centers of colonial power, Mexico and Peru. What shape did it take in each place? Briefly define or identify the following terms: Juan Manuel de Rosas â€Å"El Supremo† Caste War of Yucatan Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna The regency years â€Å"el pueblo† Rafael Carrera â€Å"La Nina† Central American Republic 4Chapter 6 – Progress (1850-1880) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. What were some of the significant aspects of liberalism emphasized by the key Latin American liberals mentioned in this section (be as specific as possible)? Why did Maximilian fail to reinstate conservative rule in Mexico? Based on Chasteen’s examples, what seems to have been the most common way for women to become public figures during the nineteenth century (the few, that is, who did become public figures)? Give two examples. Liberals in Argentina agreed on the traditional tenets of Latin American liberalism. What issue divide d them?Compare the way Argentine and Brazilian liberals confronted what they considered the â€Å"national tragedy† of racially mixed societies. Do leaders in one of these countries seem to be less racist in their thinking than leaders of the other? Briefly explain the issues and significance of the following wars (and note the dates when each took place): The Triple Alliance War The War of the Pacific The Chaco War Briefly define or identify the following terms: Benito Juarez Birds Without a Nest (1889) â€Å"Golden Law† William Walker Ten Years War Domingo Faustino Sarmiento 6.Chapter 7 – Neocolonialism (1880-1930) 1. Describe the â€Å"great export boom† that marked Progress for Latin America between 1870-1930. What were its most important characteristics? Which crops or exports seemed most beneficial to Latin Americans and why? Which one seemed most harmful? Compare the governments of Mexico and Brazil during the neocolonial period: Based on this chap ter how do the ideas of neocolonialism and â€Å"importing Progress† relate to one another? Early in the chapter, Chasteen suggests that the concept of neocolonialism is both an internal and an external phenomenon.What does he mean, and, after reading the chapter, would you agree with that analysis? Describe the rise of U. S. influence in Latin America: Why did the South Cone region of Latin America attract the majority of the new immigrants? 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Briefly define or identify the following terms: â€Å"banana republics† Ruben Dario Porfiriato Cientificos Rebellion in the Backlands Paulina Luisi Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine Cesar Augusto Sandino Positivism Pan o palo Jose Marti Jose Enrique Rodo 5 Chapter 8 – Nationalism (1910-1945) 1. 2. 3. . 5. Based on the chapter, what were the most important aspects of nationalism in Latin America? Why did nationalism emerge in the early decades of the twentieth century? Compare and contrast nationalism in Mexico with that in Argentina and Uruguay and also with Brazil. Did nationalism in any one of these countries seem more thoroughgoing than in the others? Why? Why did import-substitution industrialization (ISI) provide greater benefits for countries such as Brazil, Mexico, and Argentina than for places like the Dominican Republic or Honduras?Why did the wave of nationalism seem to have very little impact on Central America? Briefly define or identify the following terms: Constitution of 1917 Pancho Villa Constitutionalists Diego Rivera and Frida Kahlo Batllismo Hipolito Yrigoyen Victor Raul Haya de la Torre Indigenismo ISI Getulio Vargas Estado Novo Heitor Villa Lobos Lazaro Cardenas â€Å"Good Neighbor Policy† Mexico’s â€Å"declaration of economic independence† Populists Juan and Evita Peron Emiliano Zapata Chapter 9 – Revolution (1945-1960) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Why would Brasilia represent the â€Å"perfect symbol of the ost-Vargas moment in Brazil† and the PRI the perfect symbol for Mexico at the same time (252)? Chapter 8 talked about the popularity of Roosevelt’s Good Neighbor Policy. Why did relations between the U. S. and major Latin American countries begin to sour in the post-WWII years? Why did the U. S. tolerate the National Revolutionary Movement (MNR) in Bolivia while it actively supported a proxy force to oust Arbenz in Guatemala? Based on this textbook, would you say the Cuban revolution was more an expression of Marxism or of nationalism? Why? What were the goals of liberation theology?Briefly define or identify the following terms: Raul Prebish Jacobo Arbenz Che Guevara Bay of Pigs (1961) Declaration of Caracas (1954) Pablo Naruda Fulgencio Batista Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) Juan Jose Arevalo Jorge Luis Borges Granma Paulo Freire 6 Chapter 10 – Reaction (1960-1990) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. On what basis does Chasteen argue that the Soviet Union was not involved in Latin American Marxist movements outside of Cuba during the 1960s and 1970s? Why did rule by military juntas become widespread in Latin America by the mid-1970s?What did the Brazilian generals mean when they said that the cake had to rise before it could be sliced? Why didn’t the poor ever get their slice? How did the Argentine experience of military rule differ from that of Brazil? What were the most important factors that contributed to the overthrow of the Popular Unity government in Chile? In which countries of Latin America were â€Å"dirty wars† most intense and devastating? What were the main factors that fueled guerilla wars in Nicaragua and El Salvador? Why does Chasteen place Colombia in the â€Å"countercurrents† section at the end of the chapter?What was different about Colombia? Briefly define or identify the following terms: â€Å"national security doctrine† Alliance for Progress Gabriel Garcia Marquez Las Madres de la Plaza de Mayo Tupamaros Salvador Allende Augusto Pinoc het Tlatelolco massacre â€Å"dirty war† Somoza family Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN) Contras Daniel Ortega Violeta Chamorro â€Å"fourteen families† Oscar Romero Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front (FMLN) La Violencia Pablo Escobar and the Medillin Cartel M-19 U. S. School of the Americas Chapter 11 – Neoliberalism (1990- ? ) 1. 2. 3. 4.Why did neoliberalism become the popular political/economic ideology for Latin America during the 1990s? Compare neoliberalism with the liberalism with the liberal reforms that swept the region from 1870-1930—in what important ways are they similar? How do they differ? What insights does the Chilean success story provide into the strengths and weaknesses of neoliberalism? What are the primary environmental issues surrounding the Amazonian rain forest? Briefly define or identify the following terms: Neoliberalism MERCOSUR Zapatistas NAFTA Maquiladora Candomble, Umbanda, Santeria